A think tank producing rigorous, accessible data for advocates, policymakers, & the public.

Clarity and perspective
on state climate policy.

Electric bills pay for

two kinds of costs with

two kinds of rates.

COSTS

⚡ Electrons

🔌  Poles & wires

"supply" costs

"delivery" costs

RATES

Volumetric rate

Fixed rate

¢ / kWh

 $ / month

Fossil heating
volumetric
 20 $/month
18 ¢/kWh
 14 ¢/kWh 
fixed
volumetric

electric bill

Air-source heat pump
6,000 kWh
12,000 kWh

SEASONAL RATES

Fossil heating
Air-source heat pump

TOU RATES

12
6
12
18
0
14
16
18
20
¢/kWh
volumetric
supply rate

hour of the day
tou
flat

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